فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 56، پاییز 1398)

The aim of current project was to study the effectiveness of cognitive training of hope promotion on cognitive emotion regulation Strategies of male students with bullying behavior in high school. It’s a semi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design with control group. By using purposeful sampling method the samples were selected in Urmia City in 2018-2019. Therefore, after the implementation of the Olweus’ Bully/Victim inventory, 30 students who were classified as bullies, were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group equally. The experimental group received cognitive training of hope promotion for two months in eight 90-minute sessions. The measurement tools were cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire that were filled by the participants in the pretest and posttest stages. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results revealed improvement positive reappraisal, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, putting into perspective, blaming others and catastrophizing in the experimental group compared to the control group. The findings indicated that, cognitive training of hope promotion might be recommended as a useful component of empowerment programs for school counselors and educators in the education domain.

The purpose of the present study was to prediction of social anxiety based on early maladaptive schemas and resilience of girl students. In a correlational study, 398 high school girl students from Tehran during the academic year of 2018-19 were selected using the stratified method as a sample and completed social phobia questionnaire, short form of early maladaptive schemas, and a questionnaire Resilience. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis in step-by-step method. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between all the components of early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. Also, there was a significant negative relationship between all the components of resilience and social anxiety. In addition, the results showed that the components of disconnecton and rejecton, Personal competence, over vigilance and inhibiton, directedness and Spiritual influences were able to predict the social anxiety of female students. According to the results of this study, early maladaptive schemas and resiliency have an important role in social anxiety of students and should be considered in social anxiety prevention and treatment programs.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of group therapy of mindfulness -based stress reduction (MBSR) on rumination and loneliness of women with premenstrual syndrome. The research design was based on a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test approach and control group. The statistical research population consisted of all women who referred to Dr. Nasr's Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Tehran, during the first six months of 2018. Of these women, 30 cases were selected as sample using convenience sampling method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then, were randomly assigned into an experimental group and a control group (n=15). Participants in experimental group received therapeutic program in eight 90 min-sessions (one session per week); the control group was put on the wait-list for 2 months. In order to collect data, Ruminative responses and social and emotional loneliness for adults scale were used in pre-test-post-test. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used for analyzing the data. Findings from research showed that by controlling the effect of pre-test, a significant difference is observed between the mean of post-test scores of experimental group and control group in variables of rumination, loneliness and its components, including romantic loneliness, family loneliness and social loneliness. Results show that the use of therapeutic techniques of mindfulness -based stress reduction significantly affects the reduction of rumination symptoms, and the loneliness of women with premenstrual syndrome.

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of efficiency of traditional music therapy on depression, anxiety, aggression in PMS patients. The method of this research was semi experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up design. The statistical sample was 40 women with PMS syndrome who were referred to Rahebartar clinic in the first six month of the year 2018 in Tehran that purposefully and randomly assigned in two groups of experimental and control. For gathering the data, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Bass & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) were completed by participants and the researcher-made traditional music therapy package was administered. In this study, experimental group was exposed to 15 sessions of passive music therapy (3 times a day and half an hour every time which was performed 45 times in total) and 6 active music therapy sessions for each person (an hour per session). After the end of treatment, the experimental group was evaluated at the post-test and follow-up stages. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that the traditional music therapy package effect on depression, anxiety and physical aggression in PMS patient. Then, music therapy especially traditional music therapy can be concluded to reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in long time.

Orphaned children were more susceptible to mental disorder than other children due to rearing in different developmental environments. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological profile of orphans regards to post traumatic stress disorder symptoms and performance in cognitive and emotional aspects of theory of mind. We assessed 50 orphaned children and 50 non-orphan children by the children’s impact of event scale, theory of mind test and the reading the mind in the eyes task. Logistic regression showed that intrusion experience, behavioral avoidance and difficulty in understanding false belief could significantly discriminate orphans and non-orphaned children group. In addition, there were negative association between performance in theory of mind tasks, emotion recognition and severity of three main symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder among orphans and non-orphan children. It seems post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the main mental disorder among orphaned children. Furthermore, delay in the development of cognitive and emotional aspects of theory of mind performance among orphans could influenced by post traumatic stress disorder.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-analytical group therapy on experiential avoidance and rumination. The research design was based on a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test approach and control group. 30 undergraduate students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman were randomly selected as sample after diagnosing with major depressive disorder and clinical interview, 15 of whom were assigned to experimental group and 15 to control group. The experimental group received the cognitive analytical therapy program for eight 90-minute sessions (twice a week); the control group was on the waiting list. Beck Depression Inventory-II, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II(Experimental Avoidance Factor) and Ruminative Responses Scale were used in the pretest and posttest for collecting information. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance(MANCOVA). The results of the study revealed a significant difference between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the experiential avoidance beliefs and rumination variables with controlling the pre-test effect. Since the higher score in the experiential avoidance variable indicates a decrease, the mean of these scores in the intervention group in the post-test phase were significantly lower than that in the control group. Consequently, it can be stated that the use of cognitive-analytical therapy techniques influences the reduction of the experiential avoidance and rumination of students with major depressive disorder.

The purpose of current study was to analyze the effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation Package on reading efficiency in dyslexic students. The design of the study was semi-experimental in form of pretest/post-test/follow-up with a control group. The statistical population includes all male third grade students in Kermanshah, Iran, in the academic year of 2016-17. Thirty dyslexic students were chosen through convenient sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Children’s Wechsler Intelligence Scale, and Reading Disorder Test were used. The experiment group, received cognitive rehabilitation for twelve 45 minutes sessions. The data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis. The findings showed that cognitive rehabilitation is effective on understanding and attention of students but not on their speed of reading. Based on the findings of this study, dyslexics are weak in cognitive functions and utilizing cognitive rehabilitation can improve the activity of these weak functions and finally result in efficient reading of these students.

The present study was conducted to investigate effect of defense mechanisms training on anger expression, personal unadjustment and attributional styles in University Students. The research design was based on a semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test approach and control group. The research population consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University of Khomeinishahr in academic year 2017-2018. After initial clinical assessment and based on research criteria, a total of 40 students were selected out of population and randomly assigned in an experimental and a control group with equal ratio. The experimental group received defense mechanisms training program for eight- 90 min group sessions (twice a week); The control group was put in the waiting list for 1 months. Novako's aggression questionnaire (NAQ), California Test Personality (CTP), and Attributional Style questionnaire were used in pre-test and post-test to collect data. In order to analyze the research data, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used. The findings obtained from this research showed that after controlling the effect of pre-test, a significant difference was observed in post-test between experimental and control groups in the mean scores of aggression expression and personal unadjustment, but no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of attributional styles of experimental group in the post-test. According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that the results of defense mechanisms training program are used by counselors and psychotherapists as a new local intervention to improve personal unadjustment aspects and adjust the students' anger expression.

Narcissistic personality disorder as an attractive disorder in psychology has always raised many questions for researchers. Attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas are some of the variables that can play a role in the development of this disorder. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas in the incidence of Narcissistic personality traits in medical students of Tehran universities. The statistical population of the study was all medical students of the universities of Tehran. There were 278 questionnaires on attachment styles (Hazen and Shaver), schemas (Yang) and Narcissistic personality traits questionnaire (Ames) were distributed by available sampling method. Then, collected. Data were analyzed by SPSS using correlation and multiple regression methods. According to the results of insecure and ambivalent attachment styles, there was a significant positive correlation with the Narcissistic personality traits and safe attachment style had a significant negative correlation with Narcissistic personality traits. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between all the components of the early maladaptive schemas except the obedience schema. The results of regression analysis showed that attachment styles of 12% and early maladaptive schemas explained 22% of the variation of the criterion, namely the incidence of Narcissistic personality traits. According to research findings, appropriate programs should be developed by psychologists and relevant authorities in order to better identify and suppress Narcissistic personality disorder

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mothers’ depression, anxiety, stress and parenting styles in their children’s oppositional defiant and conduct behaviors. The statistical population consisted of mothers of elementary school boys with such disorders in Shiraz. First, 4 elementary schools were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. Then, based on teacher and parents Child Symptom Inventory, 105 mothers of children with disruptive behaviors were selected. Participants completed Alabama Parenting Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and simultaneous regression. Findings of correlations showed a significant positive relationship between depression, anxiety, stress, inconsistency in parenting and poor supervision of mothers, with children’s symptoms of oppositional defiant and conduct behaviors; also there is a significant negative correlation between mothers' positive parenting with children’s oppositional defiant behaviors. Regression analysis indicated that maternal depression was the strongest predictors of children’s oppositional defiant behaviors, while poor supervision was the strongest predictor of children’s conduct symptoms. As a whole, the results revealed that depression, anxiety, stress and parenting methods of parents have significant relationship with oppositional defiant and conduct behaviors. These findings can be routinely addressed either in the therapeutic field or in the education of parents of children with oppositional defiant and conduct behaviors.